UPSC CSE Prelims 2016 — Paper 1 - General Studies (GS)

Terminologies based on ancient India

1. Etipatti: This term refers to land revenue that was specifically allocated for the maintenance of village tanks. It ensured that there was a sustainable source of funding for the upkeep of these crucial water bodies, which played a significant role in irrigation and agriculture.
2. Ghatikas: These were indeed centers of learning or colleges that were typically associated with temples. They served as places of education and intellectual discourse, often focusing on religious teachings and scriptures. They were integral parts of temple complexes and contributed to the dissemination of knowledge in ancient India.

Terminologies based on ancient India The Correct answer is Option (d): About Buddhism and Jainism: Buddhism and Jainism emerged as prominent religions having a large number of followers, referred to as Sramanic religions; these two religious systems were antithetical to the mainstream Vedic religion. During its development, the term came to refer to several non-Brahmanical ascetic religions parallel to but separate from the Vedic religion. The Sramaṇa tradition includes primarily Jainism, Buddhism, and others such as the Ajivika. The Sramaṇa religions became popular in the same circles of mendicants from greater Magadha that led to the development of spiritual practices, as well as the popular concepts in all major Indian religions such as Samsara (the cycle of birth and death) and moksha (liberation from that cycle). The Sramanic traditions have a diverse range of beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, renunciation, strict ahimsa (non-violence), and vegetarianism to permissibility of violence and meat-eating. Memorizing chronicles, dynastic histories, and epic tales was the profession of different types of people, the sutas and the Magdhas, who were descendants of priest families of the Vedic period. Shramana means seeker, one who performs acts of austerity. Agraharika looked after the lands given in charity. Agrahara means grant given to Brahmins; it was perpetual, hereditary, and tax-free. Parivrajaka means “One who roams around”. The Sanskrit word parivrajaka means renunciant & wanderer in English. Only a few parivrajakas have ever existed in history. Ajita Keshkambalin, Makhkhali Goshala, Gauthama Buddha, and Vardhamana Mahavira are a few well-known examples.

Ashoka and His Inscriptions: James Prinsep decoded Ashoka's edicts in 1837, unveiling Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. His work revolutionized understanding of Mauryan history. Inscriptions primarily referred to a king named Piyadassi or Asoka, enhancing historical insights.

Medieval Terminology/Keyword Banjaras were primarily merchants who transported grain and goods. They played a significant role during Alauddin Khalji's reign in transporting grain to markets. Emperor Jahangir's chronicles document Banjaras' role in grain transportation using bullocks.

Cultural History of Medieval India Statement 1: Correct. Siddhas advocated renunciation of the world and meditation on the formless ultimate reality. Statement 2: Correct. Lingayats challenged the caste system and questioned the theory of rebirth.

Medieval Terminology or keyword/Economic History of Medieval India Correct answer: Option (c): The ‘Persian Wheel’ is referred to as Araghatta in ancient Sanskrit writings. It is a water-lifting device usually used by draft animals like bulls, buffaloes, or camels. The term "ara-ghatta" derives from "ara," meaning "spoke," and "ghatta," meaning "pot." It originated in India and was mentioned in texts like the Panchatantra (3rd century BCE) and the Rajatarangini (12th century CE). The Persian wheel, also known as the "Araghattikka" or "arahattiyanara," was used to draw water from open wells.

Vijayanagar Economy Statement 1: Correct. The tax rate ranged between one-third and one-sixth, depending on land quality. Land revenue was the main income source during Krishna Deva's reign, supplemented by other taxes like grazing tax, customs duty, and industrial taxes. Statement 2: Correct. Commercial taxes, including levies, duties, and customs on manufactured trade articles, were imposed. Private workshop owners paid an industry tax. Additionally, taxes were levied on various professions, along with grazing and house taxes.

Social Reform Organization Satyashodhak Samaj:

• Formed by Jotirao Govindrao Phule on September 24, 1873, focusing on the rights of oppressed groups.
• Opposed idolatry and condemned the caste system.
• Advocated against the need for priests and promoted reason.
• Aimed to promote happiness, well-being, equality, and simplicity in religious practices for all.
• The Deenbandhu newspaper, published from Pune, voiced the Samaj's viewpoints.
• Members included Muslims, Brahmins, and government officials, with leading support from Phule's Mali caste.

Social Reform Movement: Keshab Chandra Sen (1838-1884):

• Became Acharya of Brahmo Samaj in 1858.
• Spread Samaj's ideas beyond Bengal.
• Opposed caste system, advocated inter-caste marriage.
• Removed from Acharya position in 1865.
• Established Brahmo Samaj of India in 1866.
• Ananda Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb, and Umesh Chandra Datta formed Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in opposition.
• Built Tabernacle of New Dispensation in 1868.
• Indian Reform Association founded in 1870, with Sen as President, aiming to implement British ideas.

Administrative Reforms/Montague-Chelmsford Reforms Act The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals led to the Government of India Act of 1919.

• The Act introduced diarchy in provincial governments.
• Implemented in eight provinces: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bombay, Madras, and Punjab.
• The diarchy system enhanced provincial government authority.
• Under this system, the governor served as the chief executive.

Cripps Mission Cripps Mission (1942):

• Proposed an Indian union with Dominion status, allowing India to determine its relation with the UN and the Commonwealth.
• Established conditions for accepting the New Constitution, including the option for provinces to form separate unions.

Important INC Sessions/Surat Split/Swadeshi Movement Option (a) is incorrect: Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909 introduced separate electorates on the basis of religion, thus introducing a system of communal representation. This was not the reason for the Congress split in 1907. Option (b) is correct: On the backdrop of the Swadeshi Movement, the Extremists wanted either B.G. Tilak or Lajpat Rai as President. Moderates proposed Rashbehari Ghosh and wanted the session to be in Surat to exclude Tilak from the presidency. Since a leader from the host province could not be session president, they also sought to drop resolutions on swadeshi, boycott, and national education. Thus, it resulted in a split in the congress. Therefore, Extremists’ lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British Government. Option (c) is incorrect: The formation of the Muslim League in 1906 at Dhaka was not the reason for the Congress split in 1907. Option (d) is irrelevant to the particular question.

Swadeshi Movement Option (a): 'Swadeshi' and 'Boycott' were mass movements against Bengal partition. Option (b): Home Rule Movement, a response to World War I, led by Tilak and Annie Besant, started amid wartime hardships. Option (c): The timelines of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement are distinct, showing no correlation. Option (d): Simon Commission, in 1928, reviewed constitutional reforms in Britain's major colony.

The movie "The Man Who Knew Infinity" is based on the biography of S. Ramanujan. Srinivasa Ramanujan was an Indian mathematician who made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions. He is renowned for his extraordinary insights and discoveries, despite having no formal training in mathematics. The film portrays his life, struggles, and the collaboration with British mathematician G.H. Hardy at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Bodhisattva:

• Definition: Aspires to enlightenment, central to Mahayana Buddhism.
• Characteristic: Compassion, sharing others' sufferings.
• Vows: Four vows to work for others' happiness.

Malavikagnimitra:

• Play: Kalidas' Sanskrit play about Agnimitra, son of Pushyamitra Shunga.
• Plot: Falls in love with exiled servant girl Malavika.

Ancient Architecture/Sculpture/Ajanta Cave Statement 1: Ajanta Caves, dating from the 2nd century BCE to 480 or 650 CE, consist of 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments. Mahabalipuram features rock-carved sanctuaries from the 7th and 8th centuries. Statement 2: While Ajanta is predominantly Buddhist, Mahabalipuram shows a greater inclination towards the Vaishnavite sect. Statement 3: Both Ajanta and Mahabalipuram exemplify exquisite rock-cut monuments.

1. Kurds are an ethnic group primarily inhabiting areas in the Middle East, including parts of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. They have been mentioned in the news primarily in the context of conflicts and political developments in these regions, not in Bangladesh.
2. Madhesis are an ethnic group residing in the Terai region of Nepal, bordering India. They have been frequently mentioned in the news due to their involvement in political movements and protests concerning issues related to representation and rights in Nepal.
3. Rohingyas are a Muslim ethnic minority group predominantly living in the Rakhine State of Myanmar. They have gained significant international attention due to their persecution and displacement, leading to a humanitarian crisis and refugee influx into neighboring countries, particularly Bangladesh.

The linking of rivers aims to address water scarcity issues, facilitate irrigation, and manage floods more effectively. In the given options, the linking of Godavari and Krishna rivers was undertaken. This project involves diverting surplus water from the Godavari basin to the Krishna basin through interlinking canals, which helps in augmenting water resources in water-deficient areas and enhances agricultural productivity. Therefore, the correct option is (b) Godavari and Krishna.

Maharashtra became the first state in India to declare a particular butterfly as the 'State Butterfly'. The state government declared the Blue Mormon (Papilio polymnestor) as the State Butterfly of Maharashtra in 2015. This decision was taken to raise awareness about the conservation of butterflies and their habitats, as well as to promote eco-tourism.

The correct option is (d) Rajasthan. Rajasthan has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port connected to the sea by a long navigational channel. This initiative aims to enhance connectivity and facilitate trade through waterways, providing an efficient means of transportation for goods.

Religious Places Pair 1: Bodh Gaya in Bihar and Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh are correctly matched. Pair 2: Khajuraho Temples in Madhya Pradesh and Nashik in Maharashtra are incorrectly matched. Pair 3: Shirdi in Maharashtra and Bodh Gaya in Bihar are incorrectly matched. Pair 4: Pushkar in Rajasthan and Nashik in Maharashtra are incorrectly matched. Pair 5: Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh is correctly matched.

The Brahmaputra River is one of the major rivers in Asia, flowing through China, India, and Bangladesh. Its tributaries contribute to its flow and form an essential part of its hydrological system.

1. Dibang: This river is indeed a tributary of the Brahmaputra, originating in the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It joins the Brahmaputra downstream in Assam.
2. Kameng: Also known as the Kameng River, it is a tributary of the Brahmaputra, originating in the Himalayas of Arunachal Pradesh. It merges with the Brahmaputra in Assam.
3. Lohit: The Lohit River is another significant tributary of the Brahmaputra, originating in Tibet and flowing through Arunachal Pradesh before joining the Brahmaputra in Assam. Correct Option: (d) 1, 2, and 3 - All the rivers mentioned (Dibang, Kameng, and Lohit) are tributaries of the Brahmaputra River.

Resource/Map Shale Gas potential in India is identified in six basins by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.

The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) is a key institution established for the management and conservation of the Ganga river basin in India. Here's a brief explanation of the key features mentioned in the question:

1. River basin as the unit of planning and management: This feature implies that the planning and management activities related to the Ganga river are organized and implemented based on the entire river basin as a unit. It recognizes the interconnectedness of various tributaries, ecosystems, and stakeholders within the basin.
2. Spearheading river conservation efforts at the national level: NGRBA plays a crucial role in leading and coordinating efforts aimed at conserving the Ganga river at the national level. This involves formulating policies, implementing projects, and monitoring activities related to Ganga conservation across multiple states and jurisdictions.
3. Rotation of Chief Ministers as the Chairman of NGRBA: One of the unique aspects of NGRBA is the rotational chairmanship held by the Chief Ministers of states through which the Ganga river flows. This ensures a collaborative and inclusive approach to river basin management, allowing different states to actively participate in decision-making processes.

1. The Kharai camel is indeed capable of swimming up to three kilometers in seawater. This unique ability allows it to traverse coastal regions and access grazing areas.
2. It survives by grazing on mangroves, which are salt-tolerant trees found in coastal areas. This adaptation to feed on mangroves contributes to its survival in its coastal habitat.
3. However, the statement that it lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated is incorrect. Kharai camels are domesticated animals kept by local communities along the coast of Gujarat and Rajasthan in India. They are raised for their milk, meat, and as pack animals.

The correct option is (b) Anaimalai Forests. The new and distinct species of banana plant with orange-colored fruit pulp has been discovered in the Anaimalai Forests of India. The Anaimalai (or Anamalai) Hills are located in the Western Ghats range of Tamil Nadu and Kerala states. This discovery highlights the rich biodiversity of the region and the ongoing efforts of scientists to explore and document plant species in various ecosystems.

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Star Label is a program in India that certifies appliances for their energy efficiency. The label helps consumers identify products that consume less energy and thus contribute to energy conservation. Ceiling fans, electric geysers, and tubular fluorescent lamps are commonly certified under the BEE Star Label program.

1. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was indeed launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in 2015. This statement is correct.
2. However, the alliance does not include all the member countries of the United Nations. It primarily consists of countries located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, commonly known as the "sunshine countries." This statement is incorrect.

Climate Change/Global Warming Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC):

• INDCs outline countries' plans to combat climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and adapt to its impacts.
• It forms the core of the Paris Agreement, aiming to contain global temperature rise.

Global Warming Option (a): 'Greenhouse Gas Protocol' aids in accounting greenhouse gas emissions for governments and businesses.

• GHG Protocol creates standards, tools, and online training for measuring and managing GHG emissions.

Major Environmental Organizations

• Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) safeguard agricultural heritage.
• GIAHS aims to preserve social, cultural, economic, and environmental benefits.
• Incorrect: No provision exists for GI recognition of traditional agricultural systems.

Disaster Management Option (d) is correct: The 'Gadgil Committee Report' and 'Kasturirangan Committee Report' relate to the protection of Western Ghats. GADGIL COMMITTEE REPORT, 2011:

• The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), led by Prof. Madhav Gadgil, was set up by the Ministry of Environment & Forests in 2010.
• Objective: It aimed to demarcate ecologically sensitive areas in the Western Ghats and recommend measures for their management. KASTURIRANGAN COMMITTEE REPORT, 2013:
• The Kasturirangan committee was formed to review the WGEEP report.

Conservation/Environmental Pollution Green India Mission:

• The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) launched eight missions, and GIM is one of them.
• GIM, introduced in February 2014, aims to maintain, restore, and improve India’s dwindling forest cover and combat climate change through adaptation and mitigation strategies. Objectives of the Mission:
• Protect, restore, and enhance India’s forest cover.
• Respond to climate change through adaptation and mitigation measures.
• Increase forest-based livelihood incomes.
• Enhance annual Carbon sequestration by 50 to 60 million tonnes by 2020. Statement 1 and 2 are incorrect: Both statements are irrelevant to the Green India Mission. Statement 3 is correct: The mission intends to increase forest/tree cover, improve/enhance ecosystem services, and increase the forest-based livelihood income of about 3 million households.

Air Pollution Option (b) is the correct answer: CO2, CO, and SO2 are considered in calculating the Air Quality Index (AQI).

• The AQI is a statistic used to inform the public about the current or expected air quality.
• A growing proportion of the population may experience worsening health impacts as AQI rises.
• Different countries have their own air quality indices based on national standards.
• The AQI is frequently used to describe ground-level ozone levels.
• The five contaminants that endanger human health are Ground-level Ozone or O3, Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide or CO, Sulphur Dioxide or SO2, and Nitrogen Dioxide or NO2. All except Carbon dioxide are considered while calculating the AQI.

Red Sanders: Endangered, endemic to Eastern Ghats.

Great Indian Hornbill: Found in Western Ghats, Nilgiris, and across Asia.

Summits and Conventions: The Paris Summit COP21 aims to limit global warming and requires countries to submit voluntary Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Sustainable Development Goals: The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) form a blueprint for global sustainable development adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015.

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is an international treaty that addresses the issue of desertification and land degradation. The importance of the UNCCD lies in its multifaceted approach to combatting desertification and promoting sustainable land management practices.

1. The UNCCD aims to promote effective action through innovative national programs and supportive international partnerships. This is crucial as desertification is a complex issue that requires collaboration at both national and international levels to implement effective strategies and initiatives.
2. The statement that the UNCCD has a special focus on South Asia and North Africa regions and facilitates financial resources to these regions is incorrect. The UNCCD is a global treaty that addresses desertification and land degradation issues in all regions of the world, not just specific regions.
3. The UNCCD is committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification. This is important because local communities are directly affected by desertification and play a key role in implementing sustainable land management practices.

Major Conventions Classification of Parties and their commitments under Kyoto Protocol: Options 1 and 2 are incorrect: Terms in these options are associated with the Kyoto Protocol. Option 3 is correct: Clean Development Mechanism is associated with the Kyoto Protocol.

Major Environmental Conventions/ Environmental Policies and Initiatives The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB):

• Launched by Germany and the European Commission in 2007.
• Study led by Pavan Sukhdev.
• Global effort to raise awareness of the economic advantages of biodiversity.
• Objective: To raise attention to the rising costs associated with biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation and to bring together experts in science, economics, and policy to facilitate actionable solutions. Statement 1 is incorrect: It is an international initiative, launched by Germany and the European Commission. Statement 2 is correct: It is an international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of biodiversity. Statement 3 is correct: Its objective is to highlight the growing cost of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation and to draw together expertise from the fields of science, economics, and policy to enable practical actions.

Environmental Conventions/ Environmental Policies and Initiatives The UN-REDD Programme has identified the following three topics for supporting national REDD+ governance structures:

• Country-led multi-stakeholder governance assessments that contribute to the development and implementation of national REDD+ strategies (for tackling forest degradation and biodiversity loss) and nationally owned monitoring frameworks.
• Social standards, including poverty and gender.
• Land and/or carbon tenure and the role of REDD+ within national land use strategies. UN REDD+:
• Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a mechanism developed by Parties of the UNFCCC.
• Sets a financial value for the carbon contained in forests to provide incentives for developing countries to cut emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths.
• Developing countries will be compensated for activities based on results.
• REDD+ includes conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, going beyond deforestation and forest degradation.

Sustainable Development Goals Rio Declaration on Environment and Development:

• The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development, signed by over 175 countries. Agenda 21:
• Non-binding action plan sourced from Rio Earth Summit, 1992.
• Objective: to achieve Global sustainable development.
• Since 2015, Sustainable Development Goals are included in the Agenda 2030. Statement 1 is correct: Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. Statement 2 is incorrect: It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.

Bioinformatics : Transcriptome A transcriptome comprises all messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules expressed by an organism.

• Describes mRNA transcripts in a specific cell or tissue type.
• Unlike the stable genome, the transcriptome actively changes based on factors like development stage and environmental conditions.

Microorganisms

• Viruses infect various life forms and can reproduce only within host cells.
• Different categories of viruses target animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria, affecting diverse hosts.

Food Safety Regulations According to the Food Safety and Standards (Packaging Regulations, 2011) and Labelling (2016) in India, the mandatory information to be included on the main label of pre-packaged items are:

1. List of ingredients including additives: This helps consumers know what ingredients are present in the product, including any additives used.
2. Nutrition information: This provides consumers with essential nutritional details such as calories, fat content, protein content, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
3. Recommendations, if any, made by the medical profession about the possibility of any allergic reactions: This is crucial for consumers with allergies or dietary restrictions to make informed choices and avoid potential health risks.
4. Vegetarian/non-vegetarian: This indicates whether the product contains ingredients of animal origin, which is important for consumers following specific dietary preferences or restrictions. Based on the provided options, the correct answer is (c) 1, 2, and 4.

LiFi:

• Visible Light Communications system
• Transmits wireless internet at very high speeds using LED light bulb pulses
• Data travels within emitted pulses
• Transmission rates exceed 100 Gbps
• Developed by Harald Haas in 2011
• Uses modulation of light intensity for data transfer

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) aims to replicate the fusion processes of the Sun to produce clean energy on Earth.

Project Loon is a venture developed by Alphabet Inc. (formerly Google X) aimed at providing internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons placed in the stratosphere. These balloons act as floating cell towers, transmitting internet signals to ground stations and then to users' devices. The initiative focuses on enhancing wireless communication technology to bridge the digital divide and connect underserved communities to the internet. Given the explanation, the correct option is: (b) Wireless communication technology

Net metering is a billing mechanism that allows homeowners or businesses generating their own electricity from renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, to feed excess electricity back into the grid. The utility company then credits the customer for the electricity they provide to the grid, effectively "spinning" the meter backwards. This encourages the production and use of solar energy by households and consumers, thereby promoting renewable energy generation and reducing dependence on traditional fossil fuels. So, the correct option is: (a) Production and use of solar energy by the household/consumers

INS Astradharini, which was in the news recently, is best described as a Torpedo launch and recovery vessel. This vessel is specifically designed for the launch and recovery of torpedoes, which are underwater weapons used by submarines and surface ships. It plays a crucial role in naval operations by enhancing the capability of submarines and surface vessels to engage enemy targets effectively underwater. Therefore, the correct option is (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel.

"Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)" is an experimental unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by NASA. It falls under the category of an electric plane. GL-10 is a 10-engine tilt-wing aircraft designed to demonstrate the feasibility of distributed electric propulsion for vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities, as well as efficient forward flight. It has undergone testing as part of NASA's efforts to explore new technologies for aviation, including potential applications for future urban air mobility and unmanned aerial systems.

1. The statement is correct. The 'Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion' aims to promote millet cultivation by demonstrating improved production and post-harvest technologies, as well as value addition techniques, in an integrated manner, with a cluster approach. This approach helps in showcasing the benefits of millet cultivation to farmers.
2. The statement is correct. The initiative particularly targets poor, small, marginal, and tribal farmers, recognizing their significant role in the scheme. By involving these farmers, the initiative aims to enhance their livelihoods and contribute to their nutritional security.
3. The statement is correct. One of the objectives of the initiative is to incentivize farmers engaged in commercial crops to transition to millet cultivation. This is achieved by providing them with free kits containing critical inputs such as nutrients and micro-irrigation equipment. By offering such support, the initiative encourages farmers to adopt millet cultivation, thereby promoting diversity in agriculture and improving overall food security.

Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières, MSF) is a well-known international humanitarian organization that provides medical assistance to people affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters, or exclusion from healthcare. Founded in France in 1971, MSF operates independently of any political, religious, or military agendas, and its primary focus is on delivering impartial medical care to those in need, regardless of their race, religion, or political affiliation. Given its independent and non-governmental nature, the correct option is: (b) A non-governmental international organization

Both statements are correct:

1. DigiLocker is indeed a digital locker system provided by the Government of India under the Digital India Programme. It aims to provide a secure and convenient way for citizens to store and access their digital documents online.
2. DigiLocker allows users to access their e-documents from anywhere, regardless of their physical location. This means that users can easily retrieve and share their digital documents without the need for physical copies.

AstroSat is India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical, and UV bands. It covers Ultraviolet (Near and Far), limited optical, and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). It allows simultaneous observation of multiple celestial objects at multiple wavelengths, a unique feature. With its launch, India joined the club of nations with their own space observatories, including the US, Japan, Russia, and Europe. Statement 1 correction: ASTROSAT is India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory aiding in understanding the universe. Statement 2 correction: AstroSat, with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg, was launched on September 28, 2015, into a 650 km orbit inclined at 6 degrees to the equator by PSLV-C30 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.

The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), launched on November 5, 2013, entered Martian orbit on September 24, 2014. It surpassed its designed mission life of six months, completing 1000 Earth days in its orbit, corresponding to 973.24 Mars Sols and 388 orbits. It is India’s first interplanetary mission, and ISRO became the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space Programme, NASA, and the European Space Agency. MOM's cost-effectiveness paved the way for affordable space access. Statement 1 correction: The Mangalyaan, also known as the Mars Orbiter Mission, was launched by ISRO. Statement 2 correction: It is India’s first interplanetary mission, and ISRO has joined elite space agencies reaching Mars. Statement 3 correction: It is the first Asian nation and the first nation in the world to reach Mars orbit in its first attempt.

Basics of Panchayati Raj System Statement 1: Part IX of the Constitution deals with the Panchayati Raj System. The minimum age for Panchayat members is 21. Statement 2: Reconstituted Panchayats serve the remaining period after premature dissolution.

Judicial Power of Panchayat Statement 1: Gram Nyayalayas Act outlines establishment, jurisdiction, and process in civil and criminal proceedings. Statement 2: Courts aim to settle disputes via conciliation, utilizing appointed conciliators.

State Executives

1. The Chief Secretary in a State is not appointed by the Governor of that State. Instead, the Chief Secretary is appointed by the Chief Minister of the State.
2. The Chief Secretary in a State does not have a fixed tenure. The tenure of the Chief Secretary is subject to the discretion of the appointing authority, which is typically the Chief Minister.

Legislative Power of Parliament Parliament has the authority to legislate on Union and Concurrent List matters, can override State List issues during emergencies or international treaty obligations, and holds various other powers.

Legislative Procedure of Parliament Statement 1: Incorrect. Bills don't lapse on prorogation. Statement 2: Correct. Bills pending in Rajya Sabha don't lapse on Lok Sabha dissolution. Additional Information: Lapsing Bills:

• Lok Sabha pending bills.
• Lok Sabha-passed bills pending in Rajya Sabha. Non-lapsing Bills:
• Disagreed bills for joint sittings.
• Bills pending in Rajya Sabha.
• Bills awaiting president's assent or reconsideration.

BoP Import cover is vital for currency stability, showing how many months a country's reserves can cover imports. It's measured by the national bank's reserves or foreign exchange stocks in months.

WTO:

• WTO categorizes agricultural subsidies into Green, Amber, and Blue Boxes.
• Green Box subsidies avoid trade distortion, while Amber and Blue Boxes include trade-distorting subsidies.

Financial Committees/Organizations Statement 1: The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) advises and reports to the IMF Board of Governors on the supervision and management of the international monetary and financial system. While lacking formal decision-making authority, it plays a crucial role in providing strategic direction to the IMF's work and policies. Statement 2: Various international institutions, including the World Bank, participate as observers in the IMFC’s meetings.

World Bank Reports

• The Ease of Doing Business Index, published by the World Bank, aggregates various parameters defining business ease in a country. It computes the distance to frontier ratings of economies based on regulatory best practices, comparing them on indicators like construction permits, registration, financing, and tax payment mechanisms.
• Other World Bank reports include the Remittance Report, Universal Health Coverage Index, Service Trade Restriction Index, Ease of Living Index, Global Economic Prospect (GEP) Report, World Development Report, and Human Capital Index.

Government Policies - UDAY Scheme: UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana) is a scheme launched by the Government of India aimed at improving the financial health of power distribution companies (DISCOMs) in India. The primary purpose of UDAY is to provide financial assistance and support to struggling DISCOMs by reducing their debt burden, improving operational efficiencies, and promoting sustainable practices in the power sector. Through financial turnaround and revival measures, UDAY aims to ensure the long-term viability and efficiency of power distribution companies, ultimately leading to a more reliable and affordable electricity supply for consumers.

Government Policies - District Mineral Foundations (DMFs):

• DMFs benefit persons and areas affected by mining-related operations.
• DMFs operate under state government jurisdiction, funded by miners.
• Objective: Address issues related to mining-affected areas as prescribed by state governments.

Sustainable Agriculture (Drip Irrigation):

• Drip irrigation benefits and drawbacks.

Cryptocurrency

• Incorrect: Bitcoin is digital currency not tied to banks or governments, allows anonymous transactions.
• Correct: Bitcoin popularity due to anonymous transactions, appealing to various groups.
• Correct: Anyone with a Bitcoin address can send or receive Bitcoins.

Government Policies

• Correct: Gold Monetization and Sovereign Gold Bond schemes aim to reduce gold imports and mobilize idle gold.
• Incorrect: Only Scheduled Commercial Banks can implement the schemes; not intended to promote FDI in gold sector.

Banking Licenses

• Statement 1: Correct; Eligible promoters for payment banks include mobile companies, supermarkets, etc.
• Statement 2: Incorrect; Payment banks can't lend or issue credit.
• Statement 3: Correct; RBI prohibits lending by Payment Banks.

Banking Functions: Core Banking Solution (CBS) Core Banking Solutions (CBS) refer to a networking system that allows customers to operate their bank accounts from any branch of the bank, regardless of where they opened their accounts. It integrates various branches of a bank into a single centralized system, enabling seamless transactions and access to banking services from any branch within the network.

• Statement 1: Correct; CBS allows banking from any location.
• Statements 2 & 3: Incorrect; RBI's role with CBS doesn't involve control or NPA management.

Banking Mechanisms/Functions

• Objectives of MCLR: Improve policy rate transmission, transparency, loan availability, and competitiveness.

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) report, computed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), uses several indicators to assess hunger and malnutrition worldwide. These indicators include:

1. Undernourishment: This indicator measures the proportion of the population that is undernourished, indicating the prevalence of inadequate food consumption.
2. Child stunting: Child stunting refers to the condition where children are too short for their age, typically as a result of chronic malnutrition during the early years of life.
3. Child mortality: Child mortality, specifically mortality rates of children under the age of five, is also considered as an indicator of hunger and malnutrition. High child mortality rates can be indicative of poor health and nutrition conditions.

1. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is indeed an arm of the World Bank Group, specializing in providing financial support to the private sector in developing countries. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.
2. 'IFC Masala Bonds' are indeed rupee-denominated bonds issued by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in the international market. These bonds are aimed at attracting foreign investment into India while providing a source of debt financing for both the public and private sectors. Hence, statement 2 is also correct.

The currency proposed to be added to the basket of IMF's Special Drawing Rights (SDR) in 2016 was the Renminbi, also known as the Chinese Yuan. This move aimed to recognize the growing importance and internationalization of the Chinese currency in global trade and finance.

The Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan is a national campaign aimed at eradicating the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitating manual scavengers. Manual scavenging refers to the manual cleaning, carrying, disposing, or handling of human excreta from dry latrines and sewers. It is a dehumanizing and hazardous practice that predominantly affects the marginalized sections of society, particularly Dalits.

1. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is not an organization of the European Union. It is an independent international organization established by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1997. It operates independently of the European Union and has its headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands. While it may cooperate with various international bodies, such as NATO and WHO, it is not exclusively associated with the European Union.
2. Statement 2 is correct. One of the primary functions of the OPCW is to monitor the chemical industry to prevent the emergence of new chemical weapons. It does this by verifying compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons.
3. Statement 3 is also correct. The OPCW provides assistance and protection to its member states (Parties) against threats posed by chemical weapons. This includes offering support for the destruction of existing chemical weapons stockpiles, providing training and resources for emergency response to chemical incidents, and helping countries develop national legislation and infrastructure to comply with the Chemical Weapons Convention.

1. The Stand Up India Scheme aims to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs by facilitating loans to start their own ventures. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.
2. The scheme provides for refinance support through the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). This refinance support helps in providing financial assistance to eligible entrepreneurs under the scheme. Thus, statement 2 is also correct.

Mission Indradhanush, launched by the Government of India, aims to immunize children and pregnant women against seven vaccine-preventable diseases. These diseases include diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles, and hepatitis B. The mission aims to achieve full immunization coverage by reaching the unreached and underserved areas, particularly in rural and remote regions, to ensure that no child or pregnant woman misses out on essential vaccinations.

1. The first statement is correct. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was indeed an agreement among several Pacific Rim countries, but notably, it excluded China and Russia.
2. However, the second statement is incorrect. The TPP was not solely focused on maritime security; rather, it was primarily an economic agreement aimed at promoting trade and economic integration among its member countries. Therefore, only statement 1 is correct, and option (a) 1 only is the correct choice.

The Marginal Cost of funds based lending rate (MCLR) is a system introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to determine the minimum interest rate that a bank can lend at.

1. The purpose of MCLR guidelines is indeed to improve transparency in the methodology followed by banks for determining the interest rates on advances. This ensures that banks have a clear and standardized approach for setting interest rates, making the process more transparent for borrowers.
2. Additionally, MCLR guidelines aim to ensure the availability of bank credit at interest rates that are fair to both borrowers and banks. By having a transparent and standardized method for setting interest rates, MCLR helps prevent arbitrary or unfair lending practices, thereby promoting fairness in lending.

The term "Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)" refers to tax planning strategies used by multinational companies to artificially shift profits from high-tax jurisdictions to low-tax jurisdictions, thereby reducing their overall tax liability. This practice undermines the fairness and integrity of the tax system, as it allows companies to exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to avoid paying their fair share of taxes. Option (b) Curbing of the tax evasion by multinational companies is the correct choice. BEPS initiatives are aimed at curbing tax evasion and ensuring that multinational companies pay taxes in the jurisdictions where they generate their profits, thus preventing the erosion of tax bases and ensuring a more equitable distribution of tax burdens.

India's first 'National Investment and Manufacturing Zone' (NIMZ) was proposed to be set up in Maharashtra. NIMZ is a designated area aimed at attracting domestic and foreign investment in manufacturing and industrial activities, with the goal of promoting economic growth, job creation, and industrial development. Maharashtra, being one of the leading industrial states in India, was chosen as the location for this initiative to leverage its infrastructure, resources, and strategic location for fostering industrial growth.

'SWAYAM', an initiative of the Government of India, aims at providing affordable and quality education to the citizens for free. It stands for "Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds" and is an online platform offering various courses from school level to post-graduation. It allows learners to access high-quality educational resources and lectures from renowned educators and institutions across the country. The correct option is: (d) Providing affordable and quality education to the citizens for free

The New Development Bank (NDB) was not set up by APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), but rather by the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in 2014. However, statement 2 is correct as the headquarters of the New Development Bank is indeed located in Shanghai, China. Therefore, option (b) is the correct choice.

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a political and economic alliance of six Middle Eastern countries in the Arabian Peninsula. These countries are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Iran is not a member of the GCC. Therefore, the correct option is : (a) Iran

The "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) is a development strategy proposed by China that focuses on connectivity and cooperation between Eurasian countries. It involves infrastructure development and investments in countries across Asia, Europe, and Africa. The initiative aims to enhance trade and economic cooperation, promote cultural exchange, and stimulate economic growth and development in the participating regions. Given this, the correct option is : (d) China

The Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) is aimed at bringing small entrepreneurs into the formal financial system by providing them access to institutional credit. It focuses on supporting micro-enterprises and facilitating their growth by offering financial assistance in the form of loans. This initiative aims to empower small business owners, particularly those from underprivileged backgrounds, by providing them with the necessary funds to establish or expand their businesses. The correct option is : (a) Bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial system

The 'Global Financial Stability Report' is an authoritative publication prepared by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It assesses the global financial system, identifies potential vulnerabilities, and provides policy recommendations to enhance financial stability worldwide. The correct option is:

1. Atal Pension Yojana (APY) is indeed a minimum guaranteed pension scheme primarily aimed at providing pension benefits to workers in the unorganized sector. It encourages them to save for their retirement and ensures they have a regular income after they stop working.
2. Multiple members of a family can join the Atal Pension Yojana individually. There is no restriction on the number of family members who can enroll in the scheme.
3. Under the Atal Pension Yojana, the spouse of the subscriber is eligible to receive the same amount of pension after the subscriber's death. This ensures financial security for the spouse even after the subscriber's demise.

The term "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership" (RCEP) refers to a free trade agreement (FTA) between 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. These countries include the 10 member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam – along with five of ASEAN's FTA partners: Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea. RCEP aims to promote economic cooperation and integration among its member countries by reducing tariffs, facilitating trade in goods and services, and establishing common rules and standards for trade and investment. It is considered one of the largest trade agreements in the world by population and GDP. Given this context, the correct option is : (b) ASEAN Bureau of Energy Efficiency

The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that provides financial assistance to eurozone countries in times of financial crisis. It was established in 2012 to safeguard the stability of the euro currency and ensure the financial stability of eurozone member states.

Budget Budget management involves controlling revenue and expenditure, with measures like subsidy rationalization and revenue enhancement.

Budget Capital expenditure and receipts, including loans and advances, shape the government's financial planning.

Banking and NBFCs Financial stability oversight is managed by the FSDC, chaired by the Finance Minister, focusing on macro-prudential supervision.